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ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ:
-ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺱ ) :(Wallasﻴﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻻﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻟﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ،ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ.
ﻭﺤﺼل ﺃﻭل ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ )ﻭﺍﻻﺱ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ )ﺒﺎﺘﺭﻴﻙ( ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩﺭﺴﺕ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻨﻴﻥ) .ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ :ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ(.
-ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻭﺭﺩﺍﻥ ) :(Gordanﺭ ﹼﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺘﺂﻟﻑ ﺍﻷﺸﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻱ
ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﺄﻟﻭﻓﹰﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻭﻑ ﻏﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ،ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ
ﻁﺭﻕ ﺒﻨﺎ ﺀﻩ ،ﻭﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ.
ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ
ﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﻜﺯﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺇﺴﻬﺎﻤﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻤﻭﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ
ﺍﻷﻗل ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﻴﻕ ،ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﻴﻘﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ) (Dineen,
(Samuel & Livesey, 2005
ﻭﺭﻜﺯ ﺴﻜﻨﺭ ) (Skinnerﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻭﻋ ﺭﻑ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺒﻨﻭﺍﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺃﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ
ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﻉ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺯﺯ ،ﻴﻤﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﻉ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ.
ﺨﺎﻤﺴﹰﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ
ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ،ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺒﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ً ،ﻭﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ.
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